Ukusebenza kwezinto zokwambathisa i-insulation kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho, ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa kweengcingo kunye neentambo. Ukusebenza kwezinto zokwambathisa i-insulation kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho, ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa kweengcingo kunye neentambo.
1. Iintambo kunye neentambo ze-polyvinyl chloride ze-PVC
I-Polyvinyl chloride (eza kubizwa ngokuba yiI-PVCIzinto zokwambathisa ziimixube apho izinto zokuqinisa, iiplastiki, izinto ezithintela ilangatye, izinto zokuthambisa kunye nezinye izongezo zongezwa kumgubo wePVC. Ngokwezicelo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zeempawu zeengcingo kunye neentambo, le fomula ilungiswa ngokufanelekileyo. Emva kwamashumi eminyaka yemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa, iteknoloji yokuvelisa kunye nokucubungula yePVC ngoku sele ivuthiwe kakhulu. Izinto zokwambathisa zePVC zinokusetyenziswa okubanzi kakhulu kwicandelo leengcingo kunye neentambo kwaye zineempawu ezahlukeneyo:
A. Itekhnoloji yokuvelisa ivuthiwe, kulula ukuyila nokuyicubungula. Xa ithelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zezinto zokukhusela iintambo, ayinayo nje kuphela ixabiso eliphantsi, kodwa inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo umahluko wombala, ukukhazimla, ukuprinta, ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula, ukuthamba kunye nobunzima bomphezulu wentambo, ukunamathela komqhubi, kunye neempawu zoomatshini kunye nezomzimba kunye neempawu zombane zentambo ngokwayo.
B. Isebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekuthinteleni ilangabi, ngoko ke iingcingo ezigqunywe yiPVC zinokuhlangabezana ngokulula namanqanaba okuthintelwa kwelangabi achazwe yimigangatho eyahlukeneyo.
C. Ngokuphathelele ukumelana nobushushu, ngokusebenzisa ukulungiswa kunye nokuphuculwa kweefomyula zezinto, iintlobo zokufakelwa kwe-PVC ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku ziquka ezi ndidi zintathu zilandelayo:
Ngokuphathelele i-voltage elinganisiweyo, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumanqanaba e-voltage alinganiswe kwi-1000V AC nangaphantsi, kwaye ingasetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini afana nezixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo kunye neemitha, izibane, kunye nonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi.
I-PVC ikwanazo nezinye iingxaki ezithintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo:
A. Ngenxa yokuba ikwi-chlorine eninzi, iya kukhupha umsi omninzi xa itsha, nto leyo enokubangela ukufuthaniseka, ichaphazele ukubonakala, kwaye ivelise ezinye izinto ezibangela umhlaza kunye negesi ye-HCl, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokwenziwa kwezinto zokukhusela umsi ophantsi, ukutshintshwa kwe-PVC kancinci kancinci kube ngumkhwa ongenakuphepheka ekuphuhlisweni kweentambo.
B. Ukufakelwa kwe-PVC eqhelekileyo akuxhathisi kakuhle kwii-asidi kunye ne-alkalis, ioyile yobushushu, kunye nezinyibilikisi ze-organic. Ngokomgaqo wekhemikhali we-like dissolves like, iingcingo ze-PVC zisengozini enkulu yokonakala nokuqhekeka kwindawo ethile ekhankanyiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu kokucubungula kunye nexabiso eliphantsi. Iintambo ze-PVC zisasetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo zokukhanyisa, izixhobo zoomatshini, izixhobo kunye neemitha, unxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi, iingcingo zesakhiwo kunye nezinye iindawo.
2. Iingcingo kunye neentambo ze-polyethylene ezidityanisiweyo
I-Cross-linked PE (eza kubizwa ngokuba yi-I-XLPE) luhlobo lwe-polyethylene enokutshintsha ukusuka kwisakhiwo se-molecular esithe ngqo ukuya kwisakhiwo esinemilinganiselo emithathu phantsi kweemeko ezithile phantsi kwesenzo semitha yamandla aphezulu okanye ii-agents ezidibanisayo. Kwangaxeshanye, itshintsha ukusuka kwi-thermoplastic ukuya kwi-thermosetting plastic enganyibilikiyo.
Okwangoku, ekusebenziseni i-insulation ye-wire kunye ne-cable, kukho iindlela ezintathu zokudibanisa:
A. Ukudibanisa iPeroxide: Kubandakanya kuqala ukusebenzisa i-polyethylene resin kunye nee-arhente ezifanelekileyo zokudibanisa kunye nee-antioxidants, uze wongeze ezinye izinto njengoko kufuneka ukuvelisa amasuntswana omxube we-polyethylene adibanisayo. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhupha, ukudibanisa kwenzeka ngemibhobho yokudibanisa umphunga oshushu.
B. Ukudibanisa i-Silane cross-linking (ukudibanisa amanzi afudumeleyo): Le ikwayindlela yokudibanisa iikhemikhali cross-linking. Indlela yayo ephambili kukudibanisa i-organosiloxane kunye ne-polyethylene phantsi kweemeko ezithile,
kwaye inqanaba lokudibanisa ngokubanzi linokufikelela malunga nama-60%.
C. Ukudibanisa imitha: Isebenzisa imisebe enamandla aphezulu njengee-R-rays, i-alpha rays, kunye nemisebe ye-electron ukuze isebenze ii-athomu zekhabhoni kwi-polyethylene macromolecules kwaye ibangele ukudibanisa. Imisebe enamandla aphezulu esetyenziswa rhoqo kwiingcingo kunye neentambo yimisebe ye-electron eveliswa zi-electron accelerators. Ekubeni olu kudibanisa luxhomekeke kumandla angokwenyama, luyinxalenye yokudibanisa okubonakalayo.
Iindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa ezingentla zineempawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ezahlukeneyo:
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-thermoplastic polyethylene (PVC), i-XLPE insulation inezi nzuzo zilandelayo:
A. Iphucule ukumelana nokuguqulwa kobushushu, iphucule iipropati zoomatshini kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kwaye iphucule ukumelana nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwendalo kunye nokuguga kobushushu.
B. Iphucule uzinzo lweekhemikhali kunye nokumelana nesinyibilikisi, yanciphisa ukuhamba komoya obandayo, kwaye ngokusisiseko igcine ukusebenza kombane kokuqala. Ubushushu bokusebenza ixesha elide bunokufikelela kwi-125℃ kunye ne-150℃. Intambo kunye nentambo ye-polyethylene eqhagamshelweyo eqhagamshelweyo ikwaphucula ukumelana nokujikeleza okufutshane, kwaye ukumelana nobushushu bayo bexesha elifutshane kunokufikelela kwi-250℃, kwiingcingo kunye neengcingo ezinobukhulu obufanayo, amandla okuthwala umbane we-polyethylene eqhagamshelweyo makhulu kakhulu.
C. Ineempawu ezintle kakhulu zoomatshini, ezingangeni manzi kwaye ezimelana nemitha, ngoko ke isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ezifana nezi: iingcingo zoqhagamshelo lwangaphakathi lwezixhobo zombane, iileyidi zemoto, iileyidi zokukhanyisa, iingcingo zokulawula isignali ye-voltage ephantsi yeemoto, iingcingo ze-locomotive, iingcingo kunye neengcingo ze-subways, iintambo zokukhusela okusingqongileyo zemigodi, iintambo zasemanzini, iingcingo zokubeka umbane wenyukliya, iingcingo ze-voltage ephezulu zeTV, iingcingo ze-voltage ephezulu zokudubula nge-X-RAY, kunye neengcingo zokuhambisa umbane kunye neengcingo, njl.njl.
Iingcingo kunye neentambo ezigqunywe nge-XLPE zineengenelo ezibalulekileyo, kodwa zikwanazo nezinye iingxaki ezithintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo:
A. Ukusebenza kakubi kokuncamathela kubushushu. Xa kusetyenzwa kwaye kusetyenziswa iingcingo ezingaphaya kobushushu bazo obulinganisiweyo, kulula ukuba iingcingo zinamathele. Kwiimeko ezinzima, oku kunokukhokelela kumonakalo wokufakwa kwe-insulation kunye neesekethe ezimfutshane.
B. Ukumelana nobushushu okungekho semgangathweni. Kumaqondo obushushu angaphezulu kwama-200℃, ubushushu beengcingo buba thambile kakhulu. Xa zicinezelwa okanye zingqubana ngamandla angaphandle, zinokubangela ukuba iingcingo zinqumle kwaye zikhawuleze ukuhamba.
C. Kunzima ukulawula umahluko phakathi kwemibala. Iingxaki ezinje ngokukrwela, ukumhlophe kunye nokukrazuka koonobumba abaprintiweyo zinokwenzeka ngexesha lokucubungula.
D. I-insulation ye-XLPE enomgangatho wokumelana nobushushu obuyi-150℃ ayinayo i-halogen ngokupheleleyo kwaye ingaphumelela uvavanyo lokutsha lwe-VW-1 ngokuhambelana nemigangatho ye-UL1581, ngelixa igcina iipropati zoomatshini nezombane ezibalaseleyo. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho imiqobo ethile kubuchwepheshe bokuvelisa kwaye ixabiso liphezulu.
3. Iingcingo zerabha zesilicone kunye neentambo
Iimolekyuli zepolymer zerabha ye-silicone zizakhiwo zetsheyini ezenziwe ziibhondi ze-SI-O (i-silicon-oxygen). Ibhondi ye-SI-O yi-443.5KJ/MOL, ephezulu kakhulu kunamandla ebhondi ye-CC (355KJ/MOL). Uninzi lweentambo zerabha ze-silicone kunye neentambo ziveliswa ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokukhupha ebandayo kunye neenkqubo zokufudumala okuphezulu. Phakathi kweentambo zerabha ezahlukeneyo kunye neentambo, ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esahlukileyo se-molecular, irabha ye-silicone isebenza kakuhle xa ithelekiswa nezinye iirabha eziqhelekileyo.
A. Ithambile kakhulu, inobuthambile obuhle, ayinavumba kwaye ayinatyhefu, kwaye ayoyiki amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye inokumelana nokubanda okukhulu. Ubushushu bokusebenza buqala kwi -90 ukuya kwi 300℃. Irabha yesilicone inokumelana nobushushu okungcono kakhulu kunerabha eqhelekileyo. Ingasetyenziswa rhoqo kwi 200℃ kwaye kangangexesha elithile kwi 350℃.
B. Ukumelana kakuhle nemozulu. Kwanasemva kokuba ibekwe kwimitha ye-ultraviolet ixesha elide kunye nezinye iimeko zemozulu, iimpawu zayo zomzimba ziye zatshintsha kancinci.
C. Irabha yesilicone inokumelana okuphezulu kakhulu kwaye ukumelana kwayo kuhlala kuzinzile kumanqanaba obushushu ahlukeneyo kunye namaza amaninzi.
Okwangoku, irabha yesilicone inokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokukhutshwa kwe-corona ene-voltage ephezulu kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-arc. Iintambo kunye neentambo ezigqunywe ngerabha yesilicone zinezibonelelo ezingentla kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiintambo zezixhobo ezine-voltage ephezulu kwiithelevishini, iintambo ezimelana nobushushu obuphezulu kwii-oveni ze-microwave, iintambo zezipheki ze-induction, iintambo zeePOTS zekofu, iilead zezibane, izixhobo ze-UV, izibane ze-halogen, iintambo zoqhagamshelo lwangaphakathi lwee-oveni kunye neefeni, ngakumbi kwicandelo lezixhobo ezincinci zasekhaya.
Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zeziphene zayo zikwathintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi. Umzekelo:
A. Ukumelana nokukrazula okungekho semgangathweni. Ngexesha lokucubungula okanye lokusebenzisa, kulula ukuba yonakale ngenxa yokucinezelwa kwamandla angaphandle, ukukrwela kunye nokusila, okunokubangela umjikelo omfutshane. Indlela yokukhusela yangoku kukongeza umaleko wefayibha yeglasi okanye ifayibha yepolyester enobushushu obuphezulu ebotshelelwe ngaphandle kwe-silicone insulation. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokucubungula, kusafuneka ukuba kuthintelwe ukwenzakala okubangelwa kukucinezelwa kwamandla angaphandle kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
B. I-agent ye-vulcanizing esetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku ekubumbeni i-vulcanization iphindwe kabini, kabini, kane. Le arhente ye-vulcanizing ine-chlorine. Ii-agent ze-vulcanizing ezingenayo i-halogen ngokupheleleyo (ezifana ne-platinum vulcanizing) zineemfuno ezingqongqo zobushushu bendalo yemveliso kwaye zibiza kakhulu. Ke ngoko, xa kusetyenzwa ii-wire harnesses, kufuneka kuqatshelwe la manqaku alandelayo: uxinzelelo lwevili loxinzelelo akufuneki lube phezulu kakhulu. Kungcono ukusebenzisa izinto zerabha ukuthintela ukuqhekeka ngexesha lenkqubo yemveliso, oku kunokukhokelela ekuxhathiseni koxinzelelo.
4. Intambo yerabha ye-ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) (XLEPDM) edibeneyo
Irabha ye-ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) edityanisiweyo yi-terpolymer ye-ethylene, i-propylene kunye ne-diene engadityanisiweyo, edityaniswe ngeendlela zeekhemikhali okanye ze-radiation. I-Cross-linked EPDM ngerabha edityanisiweyo idibanisa iingenelo ze-polyolefin wire insulated kunye ne-rubber eqhelekileyo insulated wire:
A. Ithambile, iguquguquka, iyanwebeka, ayinamatheli kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, iyamelana nokwaluphala ixesha elide, kwaye iyamelana neemeko zemozulu ezinzima (-60 ukuya kwi-125℃).
B. Ukumelana ne-ozone, ukumelana ne-UV, ukumelana nobushushu bombane, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kweekhemikhali.
C. Ukumelana neoyile kunye ne-solvent kufana noko kwe-insulation yerabha ye-chloroprene yenjongo eqhelekileyo. Icutshungulwa ngezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokukhupha ubushushu kwaye kusetyenziswa i-irradiation cross-linking, elula ukuyicubungula kwaye ixabisa kancinci. Iintambo zerabha ezifakwe i-cross-linked ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) ezineenzuzo ezininzi ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezifana nee-refrigeration compressor leads, ii-motor leads ezingangeni manzi, ii-transformer leads, iintambo ezihambayo kwimigodi, ukubhola, iimoto, izixhobo zonyango, iinqanawa, kunye neentambo zangaphakathi zezixhobo zombane.
Iingxaki eziphambili zeengcingo ze-XLEPDM zezi:
A. Njengeentambo ze-XLPE kunye ne-PVC, ayinakukwazi ukukrazula kakuhle.
B. Ukunamathela okungekuhle kunye nokunamathela ngokwakho kuchaphazela ukuqhubekeka kokusebenza okulandelayo.
5. Iingcingo ze-fluoroplastic kunye neentambo
Xa kuthelekiswa neentambo ze-polyethylene eziqhelekileyo kunye neentambo ze-polyvinyl chloride, iintambo ze-fluoroplastic zineempawu ezilandelayo ezibalaseleyo:
A. Ii-fluoroplastics ezimelana nobushushu obuphezulu zinozinzo olumangalisayo lobushushu, nto leyo evumela iintambo ze-fluoroplastic ukuba zilungelelane neendawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu ukusuka kwi-150 ukuya kwi-250 degrees Celsius. Phantsi kwemeko yee-conductors ezineendawo ezifanayo ezinqamlezileyo, iintambo ze-fluoroplastic zinokudlulisela umbane omkhulu ovumelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela zandisa kakhulu uluhlu lokusetyenziswa kolu hlobo lwentambo egqunyiweyo. Ngenxa yolu phawu lukhethekileyo, iintambo ze-fluoroplastic zihlala zisetyenziselwa iingcingo zangaphakathi kunye neentambo ze-lead kwiinqwelomoya, iinqanawa, ii-ovens ezinobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki.
B. Ukuthintela umlilo kakuhle: Ii-Fluoroplastics zinomlinganiselo ophezulu weoksijini, kwaye xa zitsha, uluhlu lokusasazeka komlilo luncinci, nto leyo ebangela umsi omncinci. Ucingo olwenziwe ngalo lufanelekile kwizixhobo nakwiindawo ezineemfuno ezingqongqo zokuthintela umlilo. Umzekelo: iinethiwekhi zekhompyutha, iinqanawa ezingaphantsi komhlaba, izithuthi, izakhiwo eziphakamileyo kunye nezinye iindawo zikawonke-wonke, njl. Xa umlilo uqalile, abantu banokuba nexesha lokuphuma ngaphandle kokuwiswa ngumsi omkhulu, ngaloo ndlela befumana ixesha elixabisekileyo lokuhlangula.
C. Ukusebenza kakuhle kombane: Xa kuthelekiswa ne-polyethylene, ii-fluoroplastics zine-dielectric constant ephantsi. Ke ngoko, xa kuthelekiswa neentambo ze-coaxial zezakhiwo ezifanayo, iintambo ze-fluoroplastic azina-attenuation ingako kwaye zifanelekile ngakumbi ukuhanjiswa kwesignali ye-high-frequency. Kule mihla, ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kweentambo kuye kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo. Okwangoku, ngenxa yokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kwee-fluoroplastics, zihlala zisetyenziswa njengeentambo zangaphakathi zezixhobo zokuhambisa nokunxibelelana, ii-jumpers phakathi kwee-feeders zokuhambisa ezingenazingcingo kunye nee-transmitters, kunye neentambo zevidiyo neze-audio. Ukongeza, iintambo ze-fluoroplastic zinamandla amahle e-dielectric kunye nokumelana nobushushu, okwenza zifaneleke ukusetyenziswa njengeentambo zokulawula izixhobo ezibalulekileyo kunye neemitha.
D. Iipropati ezigqibeleleyo zoomatshini kunye neekhemikhali: Ii-Fluoroplastics zinamandla aphezulu okubopha iikhemikhali, uzinzo oluphezulu, azichaphazeleki phantse kutshintsho lobushushu, kwaye zinokumelana okuhle kokwaluphala kwemozulu kunye namandla oomatshini. Kwaye azichaphazeleki zii-asidi ezahlukeneyo, ii-alkalis kunye nezinyibilikisi zendalo. Ke ngoko, zifanelekile kwiindawo ezinotshintsho olukhulu lwemozulu kunye neemeko zokubola, ezinje ngee-petrochemicals, ukucocwa kweoyile, kunye nolawulo lwezixhobo zemithombo yeoyile.
E. Yenza kube lula ukudityaniswa kwee-welding Kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki, uqhagamshelo oluninzi lwenziwa ngokudityaniswa kwee-welding. Ngenxa yokuba iiplastiki eziqhelekileyo azinyibiliki kakhulu, zihlala zinyibilika lula kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, nto leyo edinga izakhono zobuchule zokudityaniswa kwee-welding. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye iindawo zokudityaniswa kwee-welding zifuna ixesha elithile lokudityaniswa kwee-welding, nto leyo ekwayisizathu sokuba iintambo ze-fluoroplastic zithandwa. Ezifana nokufakelwa kwee-wire zangaphakathi zezixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki.
Kakade ke, ii-fluoroplastics ziseneengxaki ezithile ezithintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo:
A. Ixabiso lezinto eziluhlaza liphezulu. Okwangoku, imveliso yasekhaya isaxhomekeke kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe (iDaikin yaseJapan kunye neDuPont yaseMelika). Nangona ii-fluoroplastic zasekhaya ziphuhlile ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iintlobo zemveliso zisesenye. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kusekho umsantsa othile kuzinzo lobushushu kunye nezinye iimpawu ezipheleleyo zezinto.
B. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto zokukhusela, inkqubo yemveliso inzima ngakumbi, ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kuphantsi, oonobumba abaprintiweyo bathambekele ekuweni, kwaye ilahleko inkulu, nto leyo eyenza iindleko zemveliso zibe phezulu.
Ukuqukumbela, ukusetyenziswa kwazo zonke iintlobo zezinto zokukhusela ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, ingakumbi izixhobo zokukhusela ezikhethekileyo ezishushu kakhulu ezinokumelana nobushushu obungaphezulu kwe-105℃, kusesekwixesha lokutshintsha eTshayina. Nokuba kukuveliswa kweengcingo okanye ukucutshungulwa kweengcingo, akukho nje inkqubo evuthiweyo, kodwa kukwakho nenkqubo yokuqonda ngokunengqiqo iingenelo kunye nokungalungi kolu hlobo lwengcingo.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-27-2025