Ukukhetha ikhebula linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuyilo kunye nofakelo lombane. Ukukhetha gwenxa kunokukhokelela kwiingozi zokhuseleko (ezifana nokushisa kakhulu okanye umlilo), ukwehla kwamandla ombane ngokugqithisileyo, umonakalo wezixhobo, okanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo. Nazi izinto eziphambili ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa ukhetha ikhebula:
1. Iiparamitha zoMbane eziPhambili
(1) Indawo eNqamleneyo yoMqhubi:
Umthamo Wokuthwala Ngoku: Le yeyona parameter ibalulekileyo. Intambo kufuneka ikwazi ukuthwala umsinga wokusebenza oqhubekayo ophezulu wesekethe ngaphandle kokudlula ubushushu bayo obuvumelekileyo. Jonga iitheyibhile ze-ampacity kwimigangatho efanelekileyo (efana ne-IEC 60287, NEC, GB/T 16895.15).
Ukuwa kweVolthi: Umbane ohamba ngentambo ubangela ukuwa kweVolthi. Ubude obugqithisileyo okanye ukungoneli kwecandelo elinqamlezileyo kunokukhokelela kwiVolthi ephantsi ekupheleni komthwalo, nto leyo echaphazela ukusebenza kwezixhobo (ingakumbi ukuqala kweMoto). Bala ukuwa kweVolthi iyonke ukusuka kumthombo wamandla ukuya kumthwalo, uqinisekise ukuba ingaphakathi koluhlu oluvumelekileyo (ngesiqhelo ≤3% yokukhanyisa, ≤5% yombane).
Umthamo Wokumelana Nesekethe Emfutshane: Intambo kufuneka imelane nomlinganiselo ophezulu wombane wesekethe emfutshane kwinkqubo ngaphandle komonakalo wobushushu ngaphambi kokuba isixhobo esikhuselayo sisebenze (ukujonga uzinzo lobushushu). Iindawo ezinkulu ezinqamlezileyo zinamandla aphezulu okumelana.
(2) I-Voltage elinganisiweyo:
I-voltage elinganisiweyo yentambo (umz., 0.6/1kV, 8.7/15kV) akufuneki ibe ngaphantsi kwe-voltage eqhelekileyo yenkqubo (umz., 380V, 10kV) kunye nayo nayiphi na i-voltage ephezulu yokusebenza. Cinga ngokuguquguquka kwe-voltage yenkqubo kunye neemeko ze-overvoltage.
(3) Izinto zoMqhubi:
I-Copper: Ukuqhuba okuphezulu (~58 MS/m), amandla okuthwala umsinga oqinileyo, amandla alungileyo oomatshini, ukumelana nokugqwala okugqwesileyo, kulula ukuwaphatha amalungu, ixabiso eliphezulu. Eyona isetyenziswa kakhulu.
I-Aluminiyam: Ukuqhuba okuphantsi (~35 MS/m2), kufuna icandelo elikhulu ukuze kufezekiswe ubungakanani obufanayo, ubunzima obulula, ixabiso eliphantsi, kodwa amandla aphantsi oomatshini, athambekele ekufakweni kwe-oxidation, ifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye ne-antioxidant compound yamalungu. Ihlala isetyenziswa kwimigca emikhulu yecandelo elikhulu okanye kwizicelo ezithile.
2. Indawo yoFakelo kunye neMiqathango
(1) Indlela yoFakelo:
Emoyeni: Iitreyi zekhebula, iileli, iipayipi, iipayipi, umphezulu oxhonywe eludongeni, njl. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusasaza ubushushu zichaphazela ububanzi (uxinzelelo olufunekayo kwiindawo ezixineneyo).
Phantsi komhlaba: Kugqunywe ngqo okanye kufakwe imibhobho. Cinga ngokumelana nobushushu bomhlaba, ubunzulu bokugqunywa, ukusondela kwezinye iindawo zobushushu (umz., imibhobho yomphunga). Ukufuma komhlaba kunye nokubola kuchaphazela ukukhethwa kwesingxobo.
Ngaphantsi kwamanzi: Ifuna izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ezingangeni manzi (umz., ishedi yelothi, umaleko odibeneyo wokuvimba amanzi) kunye nokukhuselwa ngoomatshini.
Ufakelo Olukhethekileyo: Iindlela zokubaleka ngokuthe nkqo (cinga ngokuzithwala), imisele/imisele yekhebula, njl.njl.
(2) Ubushushu obuPhakathi:
Ubushushu obuphakathi buchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusasazwa kobushushu bekhebula. Iitheyibhile zobungakanani obuqhelekileyo zisekelwe kubushushu obuqhelekileyo (umz., 30°C emoyeni, 20°C emhlabeni). Ukuba ubushushu bokwenyani budlula ireferensi, ubungakanani kufuneka bulungiswe (buncitshiswe). Nika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu (umz., amagumbi ebhoyila, imozulu eshushu).
(3) Ukusondela kwezinye iintambo:
Ukufakelwa kweentambo ezixineneyo kubangela ukufudumeza kunye nokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Iintambo ezininzi ezifakwe ngaxeshanye (ingakumbi ngaphandle kwesithuba okanye kwi-conduit efanayo) kufuneka zisuswe ngokusekelwe kwinani, ulungelelwaniso (ukuchukumisa / ukungachukumisi).
(4) Uxinzelelo lweMechanical:
Umthwalo Wokutsalwa: Xa ufaka iintambo ezithe nkqo okanye ezikude, cinga ngobunzima bentambo kunye noxinzelelo lokutsalwa; khetha iintambo ezinamandla okwaneleyo okutsalwa (umz., ezixhonyiweyo ngentsimbi).
Uxinzelelo/Impembelelo: Iintambo ezingcwatywe ngqo mazimelane nemithwalo yendlela edlulayo phezu komhlaba kunye neengozi zokumba; iintambo ezifakwe kwitreyi zinokucinezelwa. Izixhobo zokuzikhusela (iteyiphu yentsimbi, ucingo lwentsimbi) zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluqinileyo loomatshini.
Irediyasi yokugoba: Ngexesha lokufakelwa nokujika, irediyasi yokugoba intambo akufuneki ibe ncinci kunomlinganiselo ovumelekileyo, ukuze kuthintelwe ukonakala kwe-insulation kunye ne-sheath.
(5) Iingozi Zokusingqongileyo:
Ukugqwala kweekhemikhali: Izityalo zeekhemikhali, izityalo zamanzi amdaka, iindawo ezinenkungu zetyuwa elunxwemeni zifuna izikhonkwane ezingamelani nokugqwala (umz., i-PVC, i-LSZH, i-PE) kunye/okanye iileya zangaphandle. Kunokufuneka izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezingezizo ezesinyithi (umz., ifayibha yeglasi).
Ungcoliseko lweOyile: Iindawo zokugcina ioyile, iindawo zokusebenzela zoomatshini zifuna izikhonkwane ezimelana neoyile (umz., i-PVC ekhethekileyo, i-CPE, i-CSP).
Ukuvezwa kwi-UV: Iintambo ezingaphandle ezivezwe ngaphandle zifuna iishelufu ezimelana ne-UV (umz., i-PE emnyama, i-PVC ekhethekileyo).
Iimpuku/Iintubi: Eminye imimandla ifuna iintambo ezingangeni impuku/iinkumbi (izikhonkwane ezinezigxobho, iijakethi eziqinileyo, izixhobo zentsimbi).
Ukufuma/Ukuntywiliselwa: Iindawo ezifumileyo okanye ezingaphantsi komhlaba zifuna izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo zokufuma/ukuvimba amanzi (umz., ukuvimba amanzi ngemitha ye-radial, isheya yesinyithi).
Ii-Atmospheres eziQhushulayo: Kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ezikhuselekileyo kwiindawo ezinobungozi (umz., ezithintela ilangatye, i-LSZH, iintambo ezigqunywe ziiminerali).
3. Ulwakhiwo lweCable kunye noKhetho lwezinto
(1) Izixhobo zokuvala ubushushu:
I-Polyethylene edityanisiweyo (XLPE): Ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (90°C), amandla aphezulu, iipropati ezilungileyo ze-dielectric, ukumelana neekhemikhali, amandla amahle oomatshini. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiintambo zamandla zevolthi ephakathi/ephantsi. Ukhetho lokuqala.
I-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Ixabiso eliphantsi, inkqubo evuthiweyo, i-flame retardant elungileyo, iqondo lobushushu eliphantsi lokusebenza (70°C), iyaphuka xa ishushu kancinci, ikhupha iigesi ze-halogen ezinobuthi kunye nomsi oxineneyo xa itsha. Isasetyenziswa kakhulu kodwa iyancitshiswa ngakumbi.
Irabha ye-Ethylene Propylene (EPR): Ukuguquguquka okuhle, imozulu, i-ozone, ukumelana neekhemikhali, ubushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza (90°C), esetyenziselwa izixhobo eziphathwayo, iintambo zaselwandle, ezemigodi. Ixabiso liphezulu.
Ezinye: Irabha ye-silicone (>180°C), i-mineral insulated (MI – conductor copper ene-magnesium oxide insulation, ukusebenza kakuhle komlilo) ukuze isetyenziswe ngokukodwa.
(2) Izixhobo zeSheath:
I-PVC: Ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo loomatshini, alutshisi ilangabi, luxabiso liphantsi, lusetyenziswa kakhulu. Iqulethe i-halogen, umsi onobuthi xa utsha.
I-PE: Ukumelana nokufuma okuhle kakhulu kunye neekhemikhali, okuxhaphakileyo kwiishelufu zangaphandle zentambo ezingcwatywe ngqo. Ukungabambeki kakuhle komlilo.
Umsi ophantsi ongena-Halogen (LSZH / LS0H / LSF): Umsi omncinci, awunatyhefu (akukho halogen acid gases), ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya okuphezulu ngexesha lokutsha. Kuyimfuneko kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke (iindlela ezingaphantsi komhlaba, iivenkile ezinkulu, izibhedlele, izakhiwo eziphakamileyo).
I-Polyolefin ethintela ilangatye: Ihlangabezana neemfuno ezithile ezithintela ilangatye.
Ukukhetha kufanele kuqwalasele ukumelana nokusingqongileyo (ioyile, imozulu, i-UV) kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko loomatshini.
(3)Iileya zokukhusela:
Isikhuselo seKhondisi: Siyimfuneko kwiintambo zevolthi ephakathi/ephezulu (>3.6/6kV), silinganisa intsimi yombane yomphezulu wekhondisi.
Isikhuselo soKhuseleko: Siyimfuneko kwiintambo zevolthi ephakathi/ephezulu, sisebenza nesikhuselo somqhubi ukuze kulawulwe ngokupheleleyo intsimi.
Isihlangu/Isikrweqe seMetallic: Sibonelela nge-EMC (echasene nokuphazamiseka/ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya) kunye/okanye indlela yesekethe emfutshane (kufuneka igqunywe ngomhlaba) kunye nokhuseleko loomatshini. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo: iteyiphu yobhedu, intambo yobhedu ebotshelelwe (isikhuselo + indlela yesekethe emfutshane), isikhuselo seteyiphu yentsimbi (ukhuseleko loomatshini), isikhuselo sentambo yentsimbi (ukutsalwa + ukhuseleko loomatshini), isheya yealuminium (isikhuselo + ukuvimba amanzi ngeradial + ukhuseleko loomatshini).
(4) Iintlobo zezixhobo zokuzikhusela:
I-Steel Wire Armoured (SWA): Ukhuseleko oluphezulu lokucinezela nolubanzi lokutsalwa, kwiimfuno zokhuseleko lokungcwaba ngqo okanye loomatshini.
I-Galvanized Wire Armoured (GWA): Amandla aphezulu okutsalwa, okusebenza ngokuthe nkqo, kwiindawo ezinkulu, ukufakelwa kwamanzi.
I-Armour engeyoyesinyithi: Iteyiphu yefayibha yeglasi, inika amandla oomatshini ngelixa ingenamagnethi, ikhaphukhaphu, imelana nokugqwala, kwiimfuno ezikhethekileyo.
4. Iimfuneko zoKhuseleko kunye neMithetho
(1) Ukungavumi komlilo:
Khetha iintambo ezihlangabezana nemigangatho efanelekileyo yokuthintela umlilo (umz., i-IEC 60332-1/3 yokuthintela umlilo omnye/oqokelelweyo, i-BS 6387 CWZ yokuthintela umlilo, i-GB/T 19666) ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zomngcipheko womlilo kunye nokuphuma. Iindawo zikawonke-wonke kunye neendawo ezinzima ukuphuma kufuneka zisebenzise iintambo zokuthintela umlilo ze-LSZH.
(2) Ukumelana nomlilo:
Kwiisekethe ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka zihlale zinamandla ngexesha lomlilo (iipompo zomlilo, iifeni zomsi, izibane ezingxamisekileyo, ii-alamu), sebenzisa iintambo ezingatshiyo (umz., iintambo ze-MI, izakhiwo ezigqunywe nge-mica) ezivavanyiweyo ngokwemigangatho (umz., i-BS 6387, i-IEC 60331, i-GB/T 19216).
(3) Akukho Halogen kwaye Umsi Ophantsi:
Kuyimfuneko kwiindawo ezineemfuno eziphezulu zokhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko lwezixhobo (ii-hubs zothutho, amaziko edatha, izibhedlele, izakhiwo ezinkulu zikawonke-wonke).
(4) Ukuthobela iMigangatho kunye neSatifikethi:
Iintambo kufuneka zihambelane nemigangatho enyanzelekileyo kunye neziqinisekiso kwindawo yeprojekthi (umz., i-CCC eTshayina, i-CE kwi-EU, i-BS e-UK, i-UL e-US).
5. Uqoqosho kunye neendleko zomjikelo wobomi
Ixabiso lokuTyalo-mali lokuqala: Ixabiso lentambo kunye nezixhobo (iijoyinti, ukupheliswa).
Iindleko zokufakela: Ziyahluka ngobukhulu bentambo, ubunzima, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokulula kokufakela.
Ixabiso lokulahleka kokusebenza: Ukumelana nomqhubi kubangela ilahleko ze-I²R. Iimqhubi ezinkulu zibiza kakhulu ekuqaleni kodwa zinciphisa ilahleko zexesha elide.
Iindleko Zokulungisa: Iintambo ezithembekileyo nezihlala ixesha elide zineendleko eziphantsi zokulungisa.
Ubomi beNkonzo: Iintambo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo zinokuhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30. Zivavanye ngokupheleleyo ukuze uphephe ukukhetha iintambo ezikumgangatho ophantsi okanye ezikumgangatho ophantsi ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lokuqala kuphela.
6. Ezinye izinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele
Ulandelelwano lweSigaba kunye nokuMakisha: Kwiintambo ezinee-core ezininzi okanye ukufakelwa okwahlulwe ngezigaba, qinisekisa ulandelelwano lwesigaba oluchanekileyo kunye nokubhalwa kwemibala (ngokwemigangatho yendawo).
Ukubopha i-Earthing & Equipotential: Izikhuselo zesinyithi kunye nezixhobo zokuzikhusela kufuneka zigqunywe ngomhlaba ngokuthembekileyo (ngesiqhelo kuzo zombini iziphelo) ukuze kukhuseleke kwaye kusebenze kakuhle ukuzikhusela.
Umda Ogciniweyo: Cinga ngokukhula komthwalo okanye utshintsho lwendlela olunokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo, yonyusa icandelo elinqamlezileyo okanye ugcine iisekethe ezingasetyenziswanga ukuba kuyimfuneko.
Ukuhambelana: Izixhobo zekhebula (ii-lugs, ii-joints, iziphelo) mazihambelane nohlobo lwekhebula, i-voltage, kunye nobukhulu bomqhubi.
Isiqinisekiso kunye noMgangatho woMboneleli: Khetha abavelisi abaziwayo abanomgangatho ozinzileyo.
Ukuze isebenze kakuhle kwaye ithembeke, ukukhetha intambo efanelekileyo kuhambelana nokukhetha izinto ezisemgangathweni ophezulu. Kwi-ONE WORLD, sinikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwezinto zokwenziwa kwentambo kunye neentambo - kubandakanya iikhompawundi zokukhusela, izinto zokubopha, iitheyiphu, izizalisi, kunye neentambo - ezenzelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye nemigangatho, zixhasa uyilo kunye nofakelo lweentambo olukhuselekileyo nolusebenzayo.
Ixesha leposi: Agasti-15-2025