Isikhuselo esisetyenziswa kwiimveliso zentambo kunye neentambo sineengcamango ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo: isikhuselo se-electromagnetic kunye nesikhuselo sentsimi yombane. Isikhuselo se-electromagnetic senzelwe ukuthintela iintambo ezithumela imiqondiso ye-high-frequency (njengeentambo ze-RF kunye neentambo ze-elektroniki) ukuba zingabangela ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle okanye ukuthintela amaza e-electromagnetic angaphandle ukuba angaphazamisani neentambo ezithumela imisinga ebuthathaka (njengeentambo zesignali okanye zokulinganisa), kunye nokunciphisa ukuxabana phakathi kweentambo. Isikhuselo sentsimi yombane senzelwe ukulinganisela intsimi yombane enamandla kumphezulu we-conductor okanye kumphezulu we-insulation weentambo zombane eziphakathi neziphezulu.
1. Ulwakhiwo kunye neemfuno zeeLayers zokukhusela intsimi yombane
Ukhuselo lweentambo zamandla luquka ukhuselo lwe-conductor, ukhuselo lwe-insulation, kunye nokhuselo lwesinyithi. Ngokwemigangatho efanelekileyo, iintambo ezine-voltage elinganisiweyo engaphezulu kwe-0.6/1kV kufuneka zibe nomaleko we-metallic shielding, onokufakwa kwi-insulated core nganye okanye kwi-multi-core stranded cable core. Kwiintambo ze-XLPE-insulated ezine-voltage elinganisiweyo engekho ngaphantsi kwe-3.6/6kV kunye neentambo ze-EPR thin-insulated ezine-voltage elinganisiweyo engekho ngaphantsi kwe-3.6/6kV (okanye iintambo ze-thick-insulated ezine-voltage elinganisiweyo engekho ngaphantsi kwe-6/10kV), izakhiwo ze-inside and outer semi-conductive shielding nazo ziyafuneka.
(1) Ukukhusela kunye nokukhusela i-insulation kwi-conductor
Ukhuselo lwe-conductor (i-inner semi-conductive shielding) kufuneka lungabi yintsimbi, luqulathe izinto ezikhuphayo okanye iteyiphu ekhuphayo ejikeleze i-conductor ilandelwe ngumaleko okhuphayo.
Ukhuselo lwe-insulation (ukhuselo lwangaphandle oluhamba ngesantya esiphantsi) lulwahlulo olungenasinyithi oluhamba ngesantya esiphantsi oluphuma ngqo kumphezulu wangaphandle wesiseko ngasinye esigqunyiweyo, olunokubotshelelwa ngokuqinileyo okanye luxobukelwe kwi-insulation. Ulwahlulo lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle oluhamba ngesantya esiphantsi oluphumayo kufuneka lubotshelelwe ngokuqinileyo kwi-insulation, kunye neendawo ezigudileyo, kungabikho zimpawu zentambo ezicacileyo, kwaye kungabikho miphetho ibukhali, amasuntswana, amanqaku okutsha, okanye imikrwelo. Ukumelana ngaphambi nasemva kokwaluphala akufuneki kudlule i-1000 Ω·m yolwahlulo lwe-conductor kunye ne-500 Ω·m yolwahlulo lwe-insulation.
Izinto zokukhusela ezingaphakathi nezingaphandle ezenziwe ngokuxuba izinto zokukhusela (ezifana ne-polyethylene edibeneyo, irabha ye-ethylene-propylene, njl.njl.) kunye ne-carbon black, ii-antioxidants, i-ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, kunye nezinye izongezo. Amasuntswana amnyama e-carbon kufuneka asasazwe ngokulinganayo ngaphakathi kwi-polymer, ngaphandle kokudibana okanye ukusasazeka okubi.
Ubukhulu beeleya zokukhusela ezingaphakathi nezingaphandle eziqhuba umbane buyanda ngokwenqanaba le-voltage. Ngenxa yokuba amandla ombane kuleleya lokukhusela aphezulu ngaphakathi nangaphantsi ngaphandle, ubukhulu beeleya zokukhusela eziqhuba umbane kufuneka bube bukhulu ngaphakathi kunangaphandle. Ngaphambili, ukhuseleko lwangaphandle oluqhuba umbane lwalusenziwa lube lukhuni kancinci kunolwangaphakathi ukuthintela imikrwelo ngenxa yokulawula ukugoba okubi okanye ukubhobozwa okubangelwa ziiteyipu zobhedu eziqinileyo. Ngoku, ngokujonga ukugoba ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-intanethi kunye neeteyipu zobhedu ezithambileyo ezifakwe umbane, uleya wangaphakathi oqhuba umbane kufuneka wenziwe ube mkhulu kancinci okanye ulingane noleya wangaphandle. Kwiintambo ze-6–10–35 kV, ubukhulu boleya wangaphakathi ngokubanzi buyi-0.5–0.6–0.8 mm.
(2) Ukukhusela ngesinyithi
Iintambo ezine-voltage elinganisiweyo engaphezulu kwe-0.6/1kV kufuneka zibe nomaleko wokukhusela wesinyithi. Umaleko wokukhusela wesinyithi kufuneka usetyenziswe kumbindi ngamnye ogqunyiweyo okanye kumbindi wentambo. Ukukhusela kwesinyithi kufuneka kube neteyipu enye okanye ezingaphezulu zesinyithi, ii-braids zesinyithi, iileya ezixineneyo zeentambo zesinyithi, okanye indibaniselwano yeentambo zesinyithi kunye neeteyipu zesinyithi.
EYurophu nakwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zesekethe ezimbini ezisekelwe kukumelana ezinee-currents ezimfutshane eziphezulu, ukhuselo lwentambo yobhedu lusetyenziswa rhoqo. Abanye abavelisi bafaka iingcingo zobhedu kwi-sheath yokwahlukanisa okanye kwi-sheath yangaphandle ukunciphisa ububanzi bentambo. E-China, ngaphandle kwezinye iiprojekthi eziphambili ezisebenzisa iinkqubo zesekethe ezimbini ezisekelwe kukumelana, uninzi lweenkqubo zisebenzisa izixhobo zamandla zesekethe enye ezisekelwe kukumelana, ezithintela umbane wesekethe emfutshane ukuya kutsho ubuncinane, ngoko ke ukhuselo lweteyipu yobhedu lungasetyenziswa. Iifektri zekhebula zicubungula iiteyipu zobhedu eziqinileyo ezithengiweyo ngokuzisika kunye nokuqhoboshela ukuze kufezekiswe ukunwebeka okuthile kunye namandla okutsalwa (ukuqina kakhulu kuya kukrwela umaleko wokhuselo lwe-insulation, ukuthamba kakhulu kuya kushwabana) ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa. Iiteyipu zobhedu ezithambileyo kufuneka zihambelane ne-GB/T11091-2005 Copper Tape yeeCables.
Ukukhusela iteyiphu yobhedu kufuneka ibe nomaleko omnye weteyiphu yobhedu ethambileyo egqunywe ngentsimbi okanye iileya ezimbini zeteyiphu yobhedu ethambileyo egqunywe ngentsimbi enezikhewu. Izinga eliqhelekileyo lokugqunywa kweteyiphu yobhedu kufuneka libe yi-15% yobubanzi bayo (ixabiso eliqhelekileyo), kwaye izinga elincinci lokugqunywa akufanele libe ngaphantsi kwe-5%. Ubukhulu obuqhelekileyo beteyiphu yobhedu kufuneka bube ubuncinane yi-0.12 mm kwiintambo ezingundoqo enye kwaye ubuncinane yi-0.10 mm kwiintambo ezingundoqo ezininzi. Ubukhulu obuncinci beteyiphu yobhedu akufuneki bube ngaphantsi kwe-90% yexabiso eliqhelekileyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kububanzi bangaphandle be-insulation shielding (≤25 mm okanye >25 mm), ububanzi beteyiphu yobhedu buhlala buyi-30–35 mm.
Ukhuselo lwentambo yobhedu lwenziwe ngeentambo zobhedu ezithambileyo ezibotshelelwe ngehelical, ziqiniswe nge-counter-helical wrapping yeentambo zobhedu okanye iiteyipu zobhedu. Ukumelana kwayo kufuneka kuhlangabezane neemfuno ze-GB/T3956-2008 Conductors of Cables, kwaye indawo yayo eqhelekileyo yecandelo elinqamlezileyo kufuneka imiselwe ngokwe-fault current capacity. Ukhuselo lwentambo yobhedu lunokusetyenziswa phezu kwe-inner sheath yeentambo ezintathu okanye ngqo phezu kwe-insulation, i-outer semi-conductive shielding shielding layer, okanye i-inner sheath efanelekileyo yeentambo zobhedu ezikufutshane akufuneki idlule kwi-4 mm. I-avareji ye-gap G ibalwa kusetyenziswa le fomyula:
apho:
D - ububanzi bombindi wentambo phantsi kwesixhobo sokukhusela ucingo lobhedu, nge-mm;
d – ububanzi bocingo lobhedu, nge-mm;
n – inani leentambo zobhedu.
2. Indima yeeLayers zoKhuseleko kunye nobudlelwane bazo namanqanaba eVoltha
(1) Indima yoKhuseleko oluNgaphakathi nolwaNgaphandle oluSemi-Conductive
Ii-cable conductors zihlala zixinene ngeengcingo ezininzi ezixineneyo. Ngexesha lokukhupha i-insulation, izithuba, ii-burrs, kunye nezinye izinto ezingalunganga kumphezulu zinokubakho phakathi komphezulu we-conductor kunye nomaleko we-insulation, nto leyo ebangela uxinano lwentsimi yombane, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhutshweni kwesithuba somoya kunye nokukhutshwa kwemithi, kwaye inciphise ukusebenza kwe-dielectric. Ngokukhupha umaleko wezinto eziqhuba i-semi-conductive (i-conductor shielding) phezu komphezulu we-conductor, kuqinisekisa ukunxibelelana okuqinileyo ne-insulation. Ngenxa yokuba umaleko we-semi-conductive kunye ne-conductor zinamandla afanayo, nokuba kukho izithuba phakathi kwazo, akuyi kubakho ntshukumo yentsimi yombane, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe ukukhutshwa okungaphelelanga.
Ngokufanayo, kukho izikhewu phakathi komphezulu wokufakelwa kwangaphandle kunye neshelufu yesinyithi (okanye i-metallic shielding), kwaye xa i-voltage iphezulu, amathuba okuba kubekho ukukhutshwa kwe-air gap. Ngokukhupha umaleko oqhuba kancinci (i-insulation shielding) kumphezulu wokufakelwa kwangaphandle, umphezulu wangaphandle we-equipotential wenziwa kunye neshelufu yesinyithi, ukuphelisa amasimi ombane kwizithuba kwaye kuthintele ukukhutshwa okungaphelelanga.
(2) Indima yoKhuseleko lwesinyithi
Imisebenzi yokukhusela ngesinyithi ibandakanya: ukuthwala umsinga we-capacitive phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ukusebenza njengendlela yomsinga we-short-circuit ngexesha lokuphazamiseka; ukuvala intsimi yombane ngaphakathi kwe-insulation (ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic yangaphandle) kunye nokuqinisekisa intsimi yombane ye-radial efanayo; ukusebenza njengomgca ongathathi cala kwiinkqubo ze-four-phase ezine-wire ezine-phase ezintathu ukuze zithwale umsinga ongalinganiyo; kunye nokubonelela ngokhuseleko lokuthintela amanzi lwe-radial.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-28-2025