Izinto ezakhiweyo zeemveliso zentambo kunye neentambo zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ziinxalenye ezine eziphambili:abaqhubi, iileya zokwambathisa, izikhuselo kunye neeleya zokukhusela, kunye nezixhobo zokuzalisa kunye nezinto zokutsala. Ngokweemfuno zokusetyenziswa kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa, ezinye izakhiwo zemveliso zilula kakhulu, zinezikhonthi kuphela njengecandelo lesakhiwo, ezifana neengcingo ezingenanto eziphezu kwentloko, iingcingo zenethiwekhi yoqhagamshelwano, iibhasi zekopolo-aluminium (iibhasi), njl. Ukufakelwa kombane kwangaphandle kwezi mveliso kuxhomekeke kwi-insulators ngexesha lokufakwa kunye nomgama wendawo (oko kukuthi, ukufakelwa komoya) ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko.
1. Abaqhubi
Ii-conductor zezona zinto zibalulekileyo nezibalulekileyo ezinoxanduva lokudlulisela ulwazi lwamandla ombane okanye amaza e-electromagnetic ngaphakathi kwimveliso. Ii-conductor, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba zii-conductive wire conductive, zenziwe ngeentsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous ezisebenza nge-conductivity ephezulu ezifana nobhedu, i-aluminium, njl. Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezisetyenziswa kwiinethiwekhi zonxibelelwano lwe-optical ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlulileyo zisebenzisa ii-optical fibers njengee-conductor.
2. Iileya zokuvala ubushushu
Ezi zinto zigubungela ii-conductors, zibonelela ngobushushu bombane. Ziqinisekisa ukuba amaza angoku okanye e-electromagnetic/optical adluliselwayo ahamba kuphela ecaleni kwe-conductor hayi ngaphandle. Iileya zobushushu zigcina amandla (oko kukuthi, i-voltage) kwi-conductor ekuchaphazeleni izinto ezingqongileyo kwaye ziqinisekisa zombini umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wothumelo lwe-conductor kunye nokhuseleko lwangaphandle lwezinto kunye nabantu.
Ii-conductors kunye nee-insulation layers zezona zinto zimbini zibalulekileyo kwiimveliso zekhebula (ngaphandle kweengcingo ezingenanto).
Kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo ngexesha lokufakelwa nokusebenza, iimveliso zentambo kunye neentambo kufuneka zibe nezinto ezikhuselayo, ingakumbi kumaleko wokukhusela. Ezi zinto zaziwa njengee-protective layers.
Ngenxa yokuba izixhobo zokwambathisa kufuneka zibe neempawu zokwambathisa umbane ezibalaseleyo, zifuna ubunyulu obuphezulu obunomlinganiselo omncinci wokungcola. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinto zihlala zingenakukwazi ukubonelela ngokhuseleko ngaxeshanye kwizinto zangaphandle (oko kukuthi, amandla oomatshini ngexesha lokufakwa nokusetyenziswa, ukumelana neemeko zomoya, iikhemikhali, iioyile, izoyikiso zebhayoloji, kunye neengozi zomlilo). Ezi mfuno ziphathwa zizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zomaleko wokukhusela.
Kwiintambo ezenzelwe ngokukodwa iindawo zangaphandle ezifanelekileyo (umz., iindawo ezicocekileyo, ezomileyo, zangaphakathi ezingenamandla angaphandle oomatshini), okanye kwiimeko apho izinto zomaleko wobushushu ngokwazo zibonisa amandla athile oomatshini kunye nokumelana nemozulu, kusenokubakho mfuneko yomaleko wokukhusela njengenxalenye.
4. Ukukhusela
Yinxalenye kwiimveliso zekhebula eyahlula intsimi ye-electromagnetic ngaphakathi kwentambo kwiintsimi ze-electromagnetic zangaphandle. Nokuba phakathi kweeperi ezahlukeneyo zentambo okanye amaqela ngaphakathi kweemveliso zekhebula, ukwahlulwa okulinganayo kuyimfuneko. Umaleko wokukhusela ungachazwa njenge "skrini sokwahlulwa kwe-electromagnetic."
Kangangeminyaka emininzi, eli shishini belijonga umaleko wokukhusela njengenxalenye yesakhiwo somaleko wokukhusela. Nangona kunjalo, kucetyiswa ukuba uthathwe njengecandelo elahlukileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba umsebenzi womaleko wokukhusela akukokuhlukanisa nje kuphela ulwazi oludluliselwa kwimveliso yekhebula, ukuthintela ukuba luvuza okanye lubangele ukuphazamiseka kwizixhobo zangaphandle okanye eminye imigca, kodwa nokuthintela amaza e-electromagnetic angaphandle ukuba angene kwimveliso yekhebula ngokusebenzisa uqhagamshelo lwe-electromagnetic. Ezi mfuno zahlukile kwimisebenzi yendabuko yokukhusela umaleko. Ukongeza, umaleko wokukhusela awumiselwanga nje kuphela ngaphandle kwimveliso kodwa ubekwa phakathi kwesibini ngasinye sentambo okanye iipere ezininzi kwintambo. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, ngenxa yophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweenkqubo zokudlulisa ulwazi ezisebenzisa iingcingo kunye neentambo, kunye nenani elandayo lemithombo yokuphazamiseka kwamaza e-electromagnetic emoyeni, iintlobo ngeentlobo zezakhiwo ezikhuselekileyo ziye zanda. Ukuqonda ukuba umaleko wokukhusela yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeemveliso zekhebula kuye kwamkelwa ngokubanzi.
Iimveliso ezininzi zentambo kunye neentambo zine-core ezininzi, njengeentambo ezininzi zamandla eziphantsi eziziintambo ezine-core okanye ezine-core ezintlanu (ezifanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zesigaba sesithathu), kunye neentambo zefowuni zasezidolophini eziqala kwiipayara ezingama-800 ukuya kwiipayara ezingama-3600. Emva kokudibanisa ezi cores ezigqunyiweyo okanye iipayara zentambo zibe yintambo (okanye zihlanganiswe kaninzi), kukho iimilo ezingaqhelekanga kunye nezikhewu ezinkulu phakathi kwee-cores ezigqunyiweyo okanye iipayara zentambo. Ke ngoko, isakhiwo sokuzalisa kufuneka sifakwe ngexesha lokuhlanganiswa kweentambo. Injongo yesi sakhiwo kukugcina ububanzi obufanayo bangaphandle ekujikeni, okwenza kube lula ukusonga kunye nokukhupha isheath. Ngaphezu koko, iqinisekisa uzinzo lweentambo kunye nokuthembeka kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi, isasaza amandla ngokulinganayo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa (ukusolula, ukucinezela, kunye nokugoba ngexesha lokwenziwa kunye nokubekwa) ukuthintela umonakalo kwisakhiwo sangaphakathi sentambo.
Ngoko ke, nangona isakhiwo sokuzalisa sincedisa, siyimfuneko. Kukho imigaqo eneenkcukacha malunga nokukhethwa kwezinto kunye noyilo lwesi sakhiwo.
Iimveliso zentambo zemveli kunye neentambo zihlala zixhomekeke kumaleko oxhonyiweyo womaleko okhuselayo ukuze zimelane namandla okuxinana angaphandle okanye uxinzelelo olubangelwa bubunzima bazo. Izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo ziquka izixhobo zokukhusela iteyipu yentsimbi kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela intambo yentsimbi (njengokusebenzisa iingcingo zentsimbi ezinobukhulu obuyi-8mm, ezijijelwe kumaleko oxhonyiweyo, kwiintambo zasemanzini). Nangona kunjalo, kwiintambo zefayibha ye-optical, ukukhusela ifayibha kumandla amancinci okuxinana, ukuphepha naluphi na utshintsho oluncinci olunokuchaphazela ukusebenza kothumelo, iingubo eziphambili nezesibini kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokuxinana ziyafakwa kwisakhiwo sentambo. Umzekelo, kwiintambo ze-headset zefowuni yeselula, ucingo lobhedu olucolekileyo okanye iteyipu yobhedu ebhityileyo ejikeleze ifayibha yokwenziwa ikhutshwa ngomaleko wokugquma, apho ifayibha yokwenziwa isebenza njengecandelo lokuxinana. Ngokubanzi, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuphuhliso lweemveliso ezikhethekileyo ezincinci neziguquguqukayo ezifuna ukugoba okuninzi kunye nokujija, izinto zokuxinana zidlala indima ebalulekileyo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Disemba-19-2023