Izinto ezikwisakhiwo seemveliso zocingo kunye neentambo zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ziinxalenye ezine eziphambili zesakhiwo: ii-conductors, iileya zokwambathisa, iileya zokukhusela kunye neesheya, kunye nezinto zokuzalisa kunye nezinto zokutsala, njl. Ngokweemfuno zokusetyenziswa kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa kweemveliso, ezinye iimveliso zinezakhiwo ezilula kakhulu, ezinenxalenye enye yesakhiwo, ucingo, njengeentambo ezingenanto eziphezu kwentloko, iintambo ze-catenary, iibhasi ze-copper-aluminium (iibhasi zebhasi), njl. Ukufakelwa kombane kwangaphandle kwezi mveliso kuqinisekiswa ngokusebenzisa ii-insulators kunye nomgama wendawo ngexesha lokufakwa nokubekwa (oko kukuthi, ngokusebenzisa i-air insulation).
Uninzi lweemveliso zentambo kunye neentambo zinemilo efanayo (ukungahoyi iimpazamo zokuvelisa) kwaye zikwimo yeemicu ezinde. Oku kumiselwa luphawu lokuba zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iisekethe okanye iikhoyili kwiinkqubo okanye izixhobo. Ke ngoko, xa ufunda kwaye uhlalutya ulwakhiwo lwemveliso yentambo, kuyimfuneko kuphela ukujonga nokuhlalutya ukusuka kwiinxalenye zazo.
Oku kulandelayo luhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lokwakheka kwesakhiwo sentambo kunye nezinto zentambo:
1. Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Umqhubi
Iingcingo zezona zinto ziphambili neziyimfuneko kwiimveliso ukuze zenze umsebenzi wokudlulisa ulwazi lwangoku okanye lwamaza e-electromagnetic. Iingcingo sisifinyezo se-conductive core.
Zeziphi izinto eziqukiweyo kwii-cable conductors? Izinto zee-conductors zihlala zenziwe ngeentsimbi ezingezizo ii-ferrous ezine-conductivity yombane egqwesileyo efana ne-copper kunye ne-aluminium. Iintambo ze-optical ezisetyenziswa kwiinethiwekhi zonxibelelwano lwe-optical eziphuhlileyo ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlulileyo okanye ngaphezulu zisebenzisa ii-optical fibers njengee-conductors.
2. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Umaleko wokwambathisa
Umaleko wokuthintela umbane yinxalenye egubungela umngcelele wocingo kwaye isebenza njengesithinteli sombane. Oko kukuthi, inokuqinisekisa ukuba amaza ombane adluliselwayo okanye amaza ombane, amaza okukhanya ahamba kuphela ecaleni kocingo kwaye awaphumi ngaphandle. Amandla kumqhubi (oko kukuthi, umahluko onokubakho owenziwe kwizinto ezijikelezileyo, oko kukuthi, i-voltage) anokwahlulwa. Oko kukuthi, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wokudlulisa ucingo kunye nokhuseleko lwezinto zangaphandle kunye nabantu. Iintambo kunye neeleya zokuthintela umbane zezona zinto zimbini ziphambili ekufuneka zibekho ukuze zenze iimveliso zekhebula (ngaphandle kweentambo ezingenanto).
Zithini izinto zokukhusela intambo: Kwiingcingo neentambo zanamhlanje, ulwahlulo lwezinto zokukhusela intambo luwela kwiindidi ezimbini: iiplastiki kunye nerabha. Izinto zePolymer ziphambili, nto leyo ebangela iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso zentambo kunye neentambo ezifanelekileyo kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Izinto zokukhusela eziqhelekileyo zeengcingo kunye neentambo ziquka i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC),i-polyethylene edibeneyo (XLPE), iifluoroplastics, iikhompawundi zerabha, iikhompawundi zerabha ze-ethylene propylene, kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela irabha ye-silicone.
3. Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo seCable: Isingxobo
Xa kufakwa kwaye kusetyenziswa iimveliso zentambo kunye neentambo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo, kufuneka kubekho izinto ezikhusela imveliso yonke, ingakumbi umaleko wokugquma. Le yishedi. Ngenxa yokuba izinto zokugquma kufuneka zibe neempawu ezintle zokugquma umbane zazo zonke iintlobo, kuyimfuneko ukuba kufuneke ubunyulu obuphezulu kakhulu kunye nomxholo ophantsi kakhulu wokungcola kwezinto. Rhoqo, akunakwenzeka ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo amandla azo okukhusela kwihlabathi langaphandle. Ke ngoko, izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela kufuneka zibe noxanduva lokumelana okanye ukumelana namandla ahlukeneyo oomatshini avela ngaphandle (oko kukuthi, ukufakelwa, indawo yokusetyenziswa kunye nexesha lokusetyenziswa), ukumelana nokusingqongileyo komoya, ukumelana neekhemikhali okanye iioyile, ukuthintela umonakalo webhayoloji, kunye nokunciphisa iingozi zomlilo. Imisebenzi ephambili yeeshedi zentambo kukuthintela amanzi, ukubambezeleka komlilo, ukumelana nomlilo kunye nokuthintela ukugqwala. Iimveliso ezininzi zentambo ezenzelwe ngokukodwa iindawo ezilungileyo zangaphandle (ezifana neendawo ezicocekileyo, ezomileyo, nezangaphakathi ezingenamandla angaphandle oomatshini), okanye ezo zinezinto zokugquma ezinamandla athile oomatshini kunye nokumelana nemozulu, zingenza ngaphandle kwecandelo lomaleko okhuselayo.
Ziziphi iintlobo zezinto zeshelufu yentambo ezikhoyo? Izinto eziphambili zeshelufu yentambo ziquka irabha, iplastiki, i-coating, i-silicone, kunye neemveliso ezahlukeneyo zefayibha, njl. Iimpawu zomaleko wokukhusela irabha kunye neplastiki kukuthamba kunye nokukhanya, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiintambo eziphathwayo. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni zombini izinto zerabha kunye neplastiki zinomlinganiselo othile wokungena kwamanzi, zingasetyenziswa kuphela xa izinto zepolymer eziphezulu ezinokumelana nokufuma okuphezulu zisetyenziswa njenge-insulation yekhebula. Emva koko abanye abasebenzisi banokubuza ukuba kutheni iplastiki isetyenziswa njengomaleko wokukhusela kwimarike? Xa kuthelekiswa neempawu zeshelufu zeplastiki, iishelufu zerabha zinokuguquguquka okuphezulu kunye nokuguquguquka, zimelana nokuguga, kodwa inkqubo yazo yokuvelisa iyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi. Iishelufu zeplastiki zineempawu ezingcono zoomatshini kunye nokumelana namanzi, kwaye zininzi kwizixhobo, ziphantsi ngexabiso kwaye kulula ukuzicubungula. Ke ngoko, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimarike. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ngoontanga beli shishini ukuba kukho olunye uhlobo lweshelufu yesinyithi. Iishelufu zesinyithi azinazo nje kuphela imisebenzi yokukhusela oomatshini kodwa kunye nomsebenzi wokukhusela okhankanywe ngezantsi. Zikwanazo neempawu ezifana nokumelana nokugqwala, amandla okucinezelwa nokutsalwa, kunye nokumelana namanzi, okunokuthintela ukufuma kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi ukuba zingangeni ngaphakathi kwe-insulation yekhebula. Ke ngoko, zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengeeshelufu zeentambo zamandla zephepha ezigqunywe ngeoyile ezinokumelana nokufuma okuphantsi.
4. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Umaleko wokukhusela
Umaleko wokukhusela uyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwiimveliso zekhebula ukuze kufezekiswe ukwahlulwa kwentsimi ye-electromagnetic. Awunakuthintela kuphela imiqondiso yangaphakathi ye-electromagnetic ekuphumeni nasekuphazamiseni izixhobo zangaphandle, iimitha okanye ezinye iimigca, kodwa ukwathintela amaza e-electromagnetic angaphandle ukuba angene kwinkqubo yekhebula ngokudityaniswa. Ngokwesakhiwo, umaleko wokukhusela awubekwanga nje kuphela ngaphandle kwekhebula kodwa ukwakho phakathi kwababini okanye amaqela eentambo kwiintambo ezininzi, okwenza "izikrini zokwahlula i-electromagnetic" zamanqanaba amaninzi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokukhula kweemfuno zeentambo zonxibelelwano ezisebenzisa amaxesha amaninzi kunye nokuchasana nokuphazamiseka, izixhobo zokukhusela ziye zavela kwiiteyiphu zephepha zemveli ezenziwe ngesinyithi kunye neeteyiphu zephepha ze-semiconductor ukuya kwizinto eziphambili ezidityanisiweyo ezifanaiiteyiphu ze-mylar zefoyile ye-aluminiyam, iitheyiphu ze-mylar zefoyile yobhedu, kunye neetheyiphu zobhedu. Izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo zokukhusela ziquka iileya zokukhusela zangaphakathi ezenziwe ngee-polymers eziqhubayo okanye iitheyiphu ze-semiconductive, kunye neeleya zokukhusela zangaphandle ezifana netheyiphu yobhedu ende kunye ne-braided copper mesh. Phakathi kwazo, umaleko oboshiweyo usebenzisa kakhulu i-tin-plated copper ukuphucula ukumelana nokugqwala. Kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo zesicelo, ezifana neentambo ze-variable-frequency ezisebenzisa i-copper tape + i-copper wire composite shielding, iintambo zedatha ezisebenzisa i-aluminium foil longitudinal wrapping + uyilo olulula, kunye neentambo zonyango ezifuna iileya zesilivere ezibotshelelwe kakhulu. Ngokufika kwexesha le-5G, isakhiwo sokukhusela esihlanganisiweyo se-aluminium-plastic composite tape kunye ne-tin-plated copper wire weaving siye saba sisisombululo esiphambili seentambo ze-high-frequency. Izenzo zoshishino zibonisa ukuba umaleko wokukhusela uguquke ukusuka kwisakhiwo se-accessory ukuya kwinxalenye ezimeleyo yentambo. Ukukhethwa kwezinto zalo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo iimpawu ze-frequency, ukusebenza okugobileyo kunye nezinto zeendleko ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic zeemeko ezahlukeneyo zesicelo.
5. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Isakhiwo esizalisiweyo
Iimveliso ezininzi zentambo kunye neentambo zine-core ezininzi. Umzekelo, uninzi lweentambo zamandla eziphantsi zineentambo ezine-core okanye ezine-core ezintlanu (ezifanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zezigaba ezintathu), kwaye iintambo zefowuni zasezidolophini ziza ngababini abangama-800, ngababini abali-1200, ngababini abangama-2400 ukuya kubabini abangama-3600. Emva kokuba ezi cores zentambo ezigqunyiweyo okanye ngababini zifakwe iintambo (okanye zifakwe iintambo ngamaqela amaxesha amaninzi), kukho iingxaki ezimbini: enye kukuba imo ayingqukuva, kwaye enye kukuba kukho izithuba ezinkulu phakathi kwee-cores zentambo ezigqunyiweyo. Ke ngoko, isakhiwo sokuzalisa kufuneka songezwe ngexesha lokufakelwa iintambo. Isakhiwo sokuzalisa senzelwe ukwenza ububanzi bangaphandle beentambo bube ngqukuva, nto leyo enceda ekusongweni nasekukhutshweni kwesheath, kwaye yenze isakhiwo sentambo sibe sizinzile kwaye ingaphakathi libe namandla. Ngexesha lokusetyenziswa (xa usolulwa, ucinezelwa kwaye ugotywa ngexesha lokwenziwa nokubekwa), amandla asetyenziswa ngokulinganayo ngaphandle kokonakalisa isakhiwo sangaphakathi sentambo. Ke ngoko, nangona isakhiwo sokuzalisa sisakhiwo esincedisayo, sikwayimfuneko, kwaye kukho imigaqo eneenkcukacha malunga nokukhethwa kwezinto zaso kunye noyilo lwemilo.
Izinto zokuzalisa iintambo: Ngokubanzi, izinto zokuzalisa iintambo ziquka iteyiphu yepolypropylene, intambo yePP engalukwanga, intambo yehemp, okanye izinto ezingabizi kakhulu ezenziwe ngerabha ephinda isetyenziswe. Ukuze isetyenziswe njengezinto zokuzalisa iintambo, kufuneka ibe neempawu zokungabangeli miphumo mibi kwisiseko sentambo egqunyiweyo, ingabi yi-hygroscopic ngokwayo, ingabi lula ukushwabana kwaye ingagqwali.
6. Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Izinto ezithambileyo
Iimveliso zentambo zesintu kunye neentambo zixhomekeke kumaleko wesixhobo sokuzikhusela sesheath ukumelana namandla okutsala angaphandle okanye amandla okutsala abangelwa bubunzima bazo. Izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo zizikhuselo zeteyipu zentsimbi kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela intambo zentsimbi (umzekelo, kwiintambo zasemanzini, kusetyenziswa iingcingo zentsimbi ezityebileyo ezinobubanzi obuyi-8mm kwaye zijijeke ukwenza umaleko wesixhobo sokuzikhusela). Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kukhuselwe iintambo zokukhanya kwimikhosi emincinci yokutsala kunye nokuthintela ukuguquka okuncinci kweentambo ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kothumelo, isakhiwo sentambo ye-optical fiber sixhotyiswe nge-cladding yokuqala neyesibini kunye nezixhobo zamandla okutsala ezizinikeleyo. Ukongeza, ukuba intambo ye-headphone yefowuni ephathwayo isebenzisa isakhiwo apho intambo yobhedu entle okanye iteyipu yobhedu ebhityileyo ijikelezwe kwi-filaments yefayibha yokwenziwa kwaye umaleko wokukhusela uphuma ngaphandle, le filament yefayibha yokwenziwa yinto yokutsala. Ukuqukumbela, kwiimveliso ezikhethekileyo, ezincinci neziguquguqukayo eziphuhliswe kwiminyaka yakutshanje ezifuna ukusetyenziswa okuninzi kokugoba nokujika, izinto zokutsala zidlala indima enkulu.
Zeziphi izinto ezibandakanyiweyo kwizinto zokutsalwa kwentambo: imicu yentsimbi, iingcingo zentsimbi, kunye neefoyile zentsimbi engagqwaliyo
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-25-2025